Everything about Biopharmaceutical totally explained
» The term biopharmacology describes a field of research closely related to pharmacokinetics, sometimes called biopharmacy.
Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs (see
pharmacology) produced using
biotechnology. They are
proteins (including
antibodies),
nucleic acids (
DNA,
RNA or
antisense oligonucleotides) used for therapeutic or
in vivo diagnostic purposes, and are produced by means other than direct extraction from a native (non-engineered)
biological source.
The first such substance approved for therapeutic use was biosynthetic 'human'
insulin made via
recombinant DNA technology. Sometimes referred to as rHI, under the trade name Humulin, was developed by
Genentech, but licensed to
Eli Lilly and Company, who manufactured and marketed the product starting in 1982.
The large majority of biopharmaceutical products are pharmaceuticals that are derived from life forms. Small molecule drugs are not typically regarded as biopharmaceutical in nature by the industry. However members of the press and the business and financial community often extend the definition to include pharmaceuticals not created through biotechnology. That is, the term has become an oft-used
buzzword for a variety of different companies producing new, apparently high-tech pharmaceutical products.
When a biopharmaceutical is developed, the company will typically apply for a patent, which is a grant for exclusive manufacturing rights. This is the primary means by which the developer of the drug can recover the investment cost for development of the biopharmaceutical. The patent laws in the
United States and
Europe differ somewhat on the requirements for a patent, with the European requirements are perceived as more difficult to satisfy. The total number of patents granted for biopharmaceuticals has risen significantly since the 1970s. In 1978 the total patents granted was 30. This had climbed to 15,600 in 1995, and by 2001 there were 34,527 patent applications.
Within the
United States, the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) exerts strict control over the commercial distribution of a pharmaceutical product, including biopharmaceuticals. Approval can require several years of clinical trials, including trials with human volunteers. Even after the drug is released, it'll still be monitored for performance and safety risks.
The manufacture of the drug must satisfy the "current Good Manufacturing Practices" regulations of the FDA. They are typically manufactured in a
clean room environment with set standards for the amount of airborne particles.
Classification of biopharmaceuticals
Uses
Erythropoietin - Treatment of anaemia
Interferon-α - Treatment of leukaemia
Interferon-β - Treatment of multiple sclerosis
Monoclonal antibody - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Colony stimulating factors - Treatment of neutropenia
Glucocerebrosidase - Treatment of Gaucher's disease
Large scale production
Biopharmaceuticals may be produced from microbial cells (for example recombinant E. coli or yeast cultures), mammalian cell lines (see cell culture) and plant cell cultures (see plant tissue culture) in bioreactors of various configurations.
Important issues of concern are cost of production (a low volume, high purity product is desirable) and microbial contamination (by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, etc). Alternative platforms of production which are being tested include whole plants (plant-made pharmaceuticals).
Transgenics
A potentially controversial method of producing biopharmaceuticals involves transgenic organisms, particularly plants and animals that have been genetically modified to produce drugs. The production of these organisms represents a significant risk on the part of the investor, both in terms of the risk of failure to produce the required organism, and in the risk of non-acceptance by government bodies due to the perceived risks and from ethical issues. Biopharmaceutical crops also represent a risk of cross-contamination with non-engineered crops, or crops engineered for non-medical purposes.
One potential approach to this technology is the creation of a transgenic mammal that can produce the biopharmaceutical in its milk (or blood or urine). Once an animal is produced, typically using the pronuclear microinjection method, it becomes efficacious to use cloning technology to create additional offspring that carry the favorable modified genome. The first such drug manufactured from the milk of a genetically-modified goat was ATryn, but marketing permission was blocked by the European Medicines Agency in February 2006.
This decision was reversed in June 2006 and approval was given August 2006.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Biopharmaceutical'.
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